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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Projection augmented model</span></span>

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<p>A <b>projection augmented model</b> (<b>PA model</b>) is an element sometimes employed in <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> systems. It consists of a physical three-dimensional model onto which a computer image is projected to create a realistic looking object. Importantly, the physical model is the same geometric shape as the object that the PA model depicts.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniting_physical_and_virtual_objects">Uniting physical and virtual objects</h2></div>

<p>Spatially augmented reality (SAR) renders virtual objects directly within or on the user's physical space.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key benefit of SAR is that the user does not need to wear a <a href="Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">head-mounted display</a>. Instead, with the use of spatial displays, wide field of view and possibly high-resolution images of virtual objects can be integrated directly into the environment. For example, the virtual objects can be realized by using digital light projectors to paint 2D/3D imagery onto real surfaces, or by using built-in flat panel displays.

</p><p>Real objects can be physically handled and naturally manipulated to be viewed from any direction, which is essential for ergonomic evaluation and provides a strong sense of palpability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although simulated <a href="Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">haptic feedback</a> devices enable some aspects of computer-generated objects to be touched, they can not match this level of functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is, therefore, unsurprising that physical objects are still used for many applications, such as <a href="Product_design" title="Product design">product design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, computer-generated objects have a key advantage; they provide a level of flexibility that cannot be matched by physical objects. Therefore, a display is needed that somehow joins the real physical world and computer-generated objects together, thus enabling them to be experienced simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Tangible_user_interface" title="Tangible user interface">Tangible user interfaces</a> (TUI) and <a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> both aim to address this issue. TUI systems use real physical objects to both represent and also interact with computer-generated information (Figure 1). However, while TUIs create a physical link between real and computer-generated objects, they do not create the illusion that the computer-generated objects are actually in a user's real environment. That is the aim of augmented reality.

</p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>

</p><p><i>Figure 1 Continuum of advanced computer interfaces, based on Milgram and Kishino (1994). </i>

</p><p>Unlike <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> (VR), which immerses a user in a computer-generated environment, augmented reality (AR) joins together physical and virtual spaces by creating the illusion that computer-generated objects are actually real objects in a user's environment<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Figure 1). Furthermore, head-mounted-display based AR and VR systems can directly incorporate physical objects. Thus, as a user reaches out to a computer-generated object that they can see, they touch an equivalent physical model that is placed at the same spatial location.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such systems enable the computer-generated visual appearance of the object to be dynamically altered, while the physical model provides haptic feedback for the object's underlying form. However, head-mounted-display based systems require users to wear equipment, which limits the number of people who can simultaneously use the display.

</p><p>A variant of the AR paradigm that does not suffer from these limitations is spatially augmented reality (Figure 1).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spatially augmented reality displays project computer-generated information directly into the user's environment.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are several possible display configurations, the most natural type is the projection augmented model.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projection_augmented_models">Projection augmented models</h2></div>

</p><p><i>Figure 2 The Projection Augmented model concept</i>

</p><p>A projection augmented model (PA model) consists of a physical three-dimensional model, onto which a computer image is projected to create a realistic looking object (Figure 2). Importantly, the physical model is the same geometric shape as the object that the PA model depicts. For example, the image projected onto the objects shown in Figure 3 provides colour and visual texture, which makes them appear to be made from different materials.

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</p><p><i>Figure 3 An example of a Projection Augmented model (inset - with the projection off).</i>

</p><p>PA models use a unique combination of physical objects and computer-generated information, and hence they inherit advantages from both. <i>“The human interface to a physical model is the essence of ‘intuitive’. There are no widgets to manipulate, no sliders to move, and no displays to look through (or wear). Instead, we walk around objects, moving in and out to zoom, gazing and focusing on interesting components, all at very high visual, spatial, and temporal fidelity”</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PA models combine the high level of intuitiveness of physical models with the flexibility and functionality of computer graphics, such as the ability to be quickly altered, animated, saved and updated (Jacucci, Oulasvirta, Psik, Salovaara & Wagner, 2005). Thus, a PA model essentially gives a physical form to a computer-generated object, which a user can touch and grasp with their bare hands. It is therefore unsurprising that user studies, which compared PA models to other Virtual and Augmented Reality displays, found PA models to be a natural and intuitive type of display (Nam & Lee, 2003; Stevens et al., 2002).

</p><p>However, the PA model concept is not new. In fact, one of the first PA model type displays was created over twenty years ago when Naimark built the ‘Displacements’ art installation (Naimark, 1984) and more recently in the “Haunted Mansion” attraction in Disney World (Liljegren & Foster, 1990). At the time technology did not exist for a PA model to be much more than an artistic statement. However, given the technology available today and a little “unfettered imagination”, exploring novel projection displays is now “potentially boundless”.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The growth in PA model technology has been marked by the recent recreation of Naimark's ‘Displacements’ installation at SIGGRAPH (Displacements, 2005). Specifically, new technology has been developed that semi-automates the process of both creating and aligning the physical model and projected image. This supports multiple projectors, which enables a PA model to be illuminated from every direction. Furthermore, powerful projectors (2000-3000 lumens) can be used to allow a PA model to be located in a well-lit room (Nam, 2005; Umemoro, Keller & Stappers, 2003). However, whilst this technology enables a PA model to be a viable and useful type of display, it does not address its main aim.

</p><p>A PA model aims to create the illusion of actually being the object that it depicts. For example, when used for a product design application, it is important that a PA model provides a convincing perceptual impression of actually being the final product (Nam, 2006; Saakes, 2006; Verlinden, Horváth & Edelenbos, 2006; Keller & Stappers, 2001). Similarly, when used for a museum display application to create a replica of an artefact, a PA model aims to create the illusion of being the real artefact (Hirooka & Satio, 2006; Senckenberg Museum, 2006; Bimber, Gatesy, Witmer, Raskar & Encarnacao, 2002; Museum of London, 1999).

</p><p>However, no previous research has specifically considered this illusion. Therefore, this thesis defines the ‘Projection Augmented model illusion’ as the situation in which a PA model is perceived to actually be the object that it depicts. For example, this illusion occurs when a user perceives the PA model in Figure 3 to be real bricks, flower pots, and pieces of wood, as opposed to white models with an image projected onto them. However, the essence of this illusion does not involve deceiving the user. A user can perceive a PA model to be the object that it depicts, whilst knowing that it is actually a white model and a projected image.

</p><p>Technology has been developed to enhance this illusion by increasing the physical similarity between the PA model and the object that it depicts, or in other words, increasing the fidelity of the PA model. For example, the way in which the specular highlights on an object move as the viewer changes position can be dynamically simulated. This enables a PA model to appear to be made from a wide range of materials. For example, a dull clay vase can appear to be made from a shiny plastic material.

</p><p>However, whether or not the PA model illusion occurs is entirely dependent on a user's subjective perceptual impression. Therefore, increasing the fidelity of different aspects of a PA model may each have a different effect on the strength of the illusion. This is essentially the same as the way in which increasing the fidelity of different aspects of a computer-generated photorealistic image, may each have a different effect on the degree to which the image is perceived to be a real photograph (Longhurst, Ledda & Chalmers, 2003; Rademacher, Lengyel, Cutrell, & Whitted, 2001). For example, increasing the fidelity of the textures in the image may typically be more important than increasing the fidelity of the shadows.

It cannot therefore be assumed that increasing the fidelity of any aspect of a PA model will automatically strengthen the PA model illusion, and similarly it cannot be assumed that decreasing the fidelity of any aspect will automatically weaken it. Therefore, given that no previous research has investigated this illusion, it is difficult to determine the success of the technology that aims to enhance it, and difficult to make informed decisions when developing new technology. The capabilities of the human perceptual system should guide the development of any advanced interface (Stanney et al., 2004), hence this issue needs to be addressed.

</p><p>Note: Projection Augmented models are sometimes referred to as <a href="Shader_lamps" title="Shader lamps">'Shader Lamps'</a> (Raskar, Welch, Low & Bandyopadhyay, 2001, p. 89).

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<ul><li><a href="Projection_mapping" title="Projection mapping">Projection mapping</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</p><p>Naimark, M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6797773/">Two Unusual Projection Spaces</a>. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, Special Issue on Projection, 14(5), 597-506.

</p><p><cite id="CITEREFNaimark,_M.1984" class="citation web cs1">Naimark, M. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naimark.net/projects/displacements.html">"'Displacements'. An exhibit at San Francisco Museum of Modern Art"</a>. <i>www.naimark.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-20</span></span>.</cite>

</p><p>Nam, T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.ischool.berkeley.edu/i213/s05/resources/p1689.pdf">Sketch-Based Rapid Prototyping Platform for Hardware-Software Integrated Interactive Products</a>. In Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization at SIGGRAPH – APGV’05 (pp. 1689–1692). New York: ACM Press.

</p><p>Nam. T. (2006). Sketching for Hardware Software Integrated Interactive Product Design. In Proceedings Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems - CHI’06, Workshop on “Sketching" Nurturing Creativity: Commonalities in Art, Design, Engineering and Research. New York: ACM Press.

</p><p>Nam, T., & Lee, W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koasas.kaist.ac.kr/bitstream/10203/24839/1/p956-nam.pdf">Integrating hardware and software: augmented reality based on prototyping method for digital products</a>. In Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI’03 (pp. 956–957). New York: ACM Press.

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May, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a498117.pdf">A Survey of Large High-Resolution Display Technologies, Techniques, and Applications</a>. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference – VR’06 (pp. 223–236). Washington: IEEE Computer Society Press.

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</p><p>Raskar, R., Welch, G., Low K., & Bandyopadhyay, D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609001419/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3b6e/eb14ddfc53312423c0e99172f3835912a889.pdf">Shader Lamps: Animating Real Objects With Image-Based Illuminations</a>. In Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques (pp. 89–102). Springer.

</p><p>Saakes, D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mid.kaist.ac.kr/publications/files/saakes_puc_2006.pdf">Material light: exploring expressive materials</a>. Personal Ubiquitous Computing, 10(2), 144-147.

</p><p><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517043417/http://www.edt2006.org/media/oliver/EDT06-print-noanim-compress.pdf#search=%22A%20Virtual%20Color%20Reconstruction%20System%20for%20Real%20Heritage%20with%20Light%20Projection%22">"Dinosaur Fossil Exhibit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Senckenberg Museum. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edt2006.org/media/oliver/EDT06-print-noanim-compress.pdf#search=%22A%20Virtual%20Color%20Reconstruction%20System%20for%20Real%20Heritage%20with%20Light%20Projection%22">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-20</span></span>.</cite>

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</p><p>Stevens, B., Jerrams-Smith, J., Heathcote, D., & Callear, D. (2002). Putting the Virtual into Reality: Assessing Object-Presence with Projection-Augmented Models. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 11(1), 79-92.

</p><p>Umemoro, H., Keller, I., & Stappers, P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hiroyuki_Umemuro/publication/228583737_More_light_on_your_table_Table-sized_Sketchy_VR_in_support_of_fluid_collaboration/links/00b495212bcc2403ef000000.pdf">More light on your table: Table-sized Sketchy VR in support of fluid collaboration</a>. In Proceedings of the 6th Asian Design International Conference.

</p><p>Verlinden, J., Horváth, I., & Edelenbos, E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imre_Horvath/publication/228633871_Treatise_of_technologies_for_interactive_augmented_prototyping/links/0fcfd5065417c0d6c4000000/Treatise-of-technologies-for-interactive-augmented-prototyping.pdf">Treatise of technologies for interactive augmented prototyping</a>. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Tools and Methods of Competitive Engineering – TMCE’06. Rotterdam: Millpress.

</p><p><a href="Mary_Whitton" title="Mary Whitton">Whitton, M.</a>, Lok, B., Insko, B., & Brooks, F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary_Whitton/publication/228859021_Integrating_Real_and_Virtual_Objects_in_Virtual_Environments/links/557050a708aeccd77741a0d3.pdf">Integrating Real and Virtual Objects in Virtual Environments – Invited Paper</a>. In Proceedings of HCI International Conference.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_relevant_publications">Other relevant publications</h2></div>

<p>Bennett, E., & Stevens, B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/pres.15.4.419">The effect that the visual and haptic problems associated with touching a Projection Augmented model have on object-presence</a>. Journal of Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, special edition of the best papers from the International Presence Conference, 15(4), 419-437, MIT Press.

</p><p>Bennett, E., & Stevens, B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1140536">The ‘Detection, Perception and Object-Presence framework’: A unified structure for investigating illusory representations of reality</a>. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH's Computer Graphics and Applied Perception Symposium.

</p>

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</style><div id="Extended_reality_(XR)1415" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality (XR)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Reality%E2%80%93virtuality_continuum" title="Reality–virtuality continuum">From least to most virtual:</a> <a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality (AR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality (MR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality (VR)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality">Virtuality</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cinematic_virtual_reality" title="Cinematic virtual reality">Cinematic virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer-mediated_reality" title="Computer-mediated reality">Computer-mediated reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">Avatar</a></li></ul></li>

<li>"<a href="Room-scale" title="Room-scale">Room-scale</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">Six degrees of freedom (6DoF)</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_applications" title="Virtual reality applications">Virtual reality applications</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_sickness" title="Virtual reality sickness">Virtual reality sickness</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Filter_(social_media)" title="Filter (social media)">Camera filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantified_self" title="Quantified self">Quantified self</a></li>

<li><a href="Screen-door_effect" title="Screen-door effect">Screen-door effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a></li>

<li><a href="Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_head-mounted_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical head-mounted display">optical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancake_lens#Other_uses" title="Pancake lens">Pancake lens</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a>

<li><a href="Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">Facial motion capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger/hand tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Pose_tracking" title="Pose tracking">Pose tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asynchronous_reprojection" title="Asynchronous reprojection">Asynchronous reprojection</a></li>

<li><a href="Foveated_rendering" title="Foveated rendering">Foveated rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based modeling and rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_audio_effect" title="3D audio effect">Spatial audio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_viewpoint_television" title="Free viewpoint television">Free viewpoint television</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera">Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera</a></li>

<li><a href="VR_photography" title="VR photography">VR photography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haptic_suit" title="Haptic suit">Haptic suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnidirectional_treadmill" title="Omnidirectional treadmill">Omnidirectional treadmill</a></li>

<li><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cyberith_Virtualizer" title="Cyberith Virtualizer">Cyberith Virtualizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Leap_Motion" title="Leap Motion">Leap Motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Touch" title="Oculus Touch">Oculus Touch</a></li>

<li><a href="PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a></li>

<li><a href="Razer_Hydra" title="Razer Hydra">Razer Hydra</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtuix_Omni" title="Virtuix Omni">Virtuix Omni</a></li>

<li><a href="Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li>

<li><a href="Wizdish_ROVR" title="Wizdish ROVR">Wizdish ROVR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Brilliant_Labs" title="Brilliant Labs">Brilliant Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a></li>

<li><a href="Collabora" title="Collabora">Collabora</a></li>

<li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></li>

<li><a href="Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_Image" title="Liquid Image">Liquid Image</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reality_Labs" title="Reality Labs">Reality Labs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li>

<li><a href="Niantic%2C_Inc." title="Niantic, Inc.">Niantic, Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li>

<li><a href="Rokoko_(company)" title="Rokoko (company)">Rokoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Varjo" title="Varjo">Varjo</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Apple Vision Pro</a></li>

<li><a href="Bigscreen_Beyond" title="Bigscreen Beyond">Bigscreen Beyond</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden-i" title="Golden-i">Golden-i headsets</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Quest_3" title="Meta Quest 3">Meta Quest 3</a>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Virtual_Reality" title="Open Source Virtual Reality">Open Source Virtual Reality</a></li>

<li><a href="PICO_4" title="PICO 4">PICO 4 Ultra</a></li>

<li><a href="Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li>

<li><a href="PlayStation_VR2" title="PlayStation VR2">PlayStation VR2</a></li>

<li><a href="Valve_Index" title="Valve Index">Valve Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AntVR" title="AntVR">AntVR</a></li>

<li><a href="CastAR" title="CastAR">castAR</a></li>

<li><a href="VPL_Research" title="VPL Research">EyePhone</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Google Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Google Daydream</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Quest_Pro" title="Meta Quest Pro">Meta Quest Pro</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft HoloLens</a>

<li><a href="Oculus_Go" title="Oculus Go">Oculus Go</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Quest" title="Oculus Quest">Oculus Quest</a></li>

<li><a href="Quest_2" title="Quest 2">Oculus/Meta Quest 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus Rift</a>

<li><a href="PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Gear_VR" title="Samsung Gear VR">Samsung Gear VR</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensorama" title="Sensorama">Sensorama</a></li>

<li><a href="SixthSense" title="SixthSense">SixthSense</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Sword_of_Damocles_(virtual_reality)" title="The Sword of Damocles (virtual reality)">The Sword of Damocles</a></i></li>

<li><a href="VFX1_Headgear" title="VFX1 Headgear">VFX1 Headgear</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtuality_(product)" title="Virtuality (product)">Virtuality</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreleased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_graffiti" title="Virtual graffiti">Virtual graffiti</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Pervasive_game" title="Pervasive game">Pervasive game</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_software_related_to_augmented_reality" title="List of software related to augmented reality">Software related to augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality game</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems and<br>desktop environments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS_version_history" title="Meta Horizon OS version history">version history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development tools and<br>game engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="A-Frame_(software)" title="A-Frame (software)">A-Frame</a></li>

<li><a href="ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li>

<li><a href="ARKit" title="ARKit">ARKit</a></li>

<li><a href="ARToolKit" title="ARToolKit">ARToolKit</a></li>

<li><a href="Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose XR</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Spatial SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenVR" title="OpenVR">OpenVR</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenXR" title="OpenXR">OpenXR</a></li>

<li><a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">RealityKit</a></li>

<li><a href="VisionOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 2">TabletopKit</a></li>

<li><a href="Unity_(game_engine)" title="Unity (game engine)">Unity</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Universal_Scene_Description" title="Universal Scene Description">Universal Scene Description</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Unreal_Engine" title="Unreal Engine">Unreal Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuforia_Augmented_Reality_SDK" title="Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK">Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_HTC_Vive_games" title="List of HTC Vive games">List of HTC Vive games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Meta_Quest_games" title="List of Meta Quest games">List of Meta Quest games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Oculus_Rift_games" title="List of Oculus Rift games">List of Oculus Rift games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_PlayStation_VR_games" title="List of PlayStation VR games">List of PlayStation VR games</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities and<br>social networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li>

<li><a href="FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a> for visionOS</li>

<li><i><a href="Horizon_Worlds" title="Horizon Worlds">Horizon Worlds</a></i></li>

<li><a href="NeosVR" title="NeosVR">NeosVR</a></li>

<li><a href="Resonite" title="Resonite">Resonite</a></li>

<li><a href="Sansar_(video_game)" title="Sansar (video game)">Sansar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensorium_Corporation" title="Sensorium Corporation">Sensorium</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinespace" title="Sinespace">Sinespace</a></li>

<li><a href="VRChat" title="VRChat">VRChat</a></li>

<li><a href="VTime_XR" title="VTime XR">VTime XR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Philippe_Bekaert" title="Philippe Bekaert">Philippe Bekaert</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Birrell" title="Simon Birrell">Simon Birrell</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Bolas" title="Mark Bolas">Mark Bolas</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Bradley_(actor)" title="Brendan Bradley (actor)">Brendan Bradley</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Bo%C5%A1tjan_Burger" title="Boštjan Burger">Boštjan Burger</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolina_Cruz-Neira" title="Carolina Cruz-Neira">Carolina Cruz-Neira</a></li>

<li><a href="Ela_Darling" title="Ela Darling">Ela Darling</a></li>

<li><a href="Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_K._Feiner" title="Steven K. Feiner">Steven K. Feiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Fisher_(technologist)" title="Scott Fisher (technologist)">Scott Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome_Foster_II" title="Jerome Foster II">Jerome Foster II</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Fuchs" title="Henry Fuchs">Henry Fuchs</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Furness_III" title="Thomas A. Furness III">Thomas A. Furness III</a></li>

<li><a href="Morton_Heilig" title="Morton Heilig">Morton Heilig</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Howlett" title="Eric Howlett">Eric Howlett</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Iribe" title="Brendan Iribe">Brendan Iribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Myron_W._Krueger" title="Myron W. Krueger">Myron W. Krueger</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a></li>

<li><a href="R._Bowen_Loftin" title="R. Bowen Loftin">R. Bowen Loftin</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmer_Luckey" title="Palmer Luckey">Palmer Luckey</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Stephen_Meadows" title="Mark Stephen Meadows">Mark Stephen Meadows</a></li>

<li><a href="Michelle_and_Uri_Kranot" title="Michelle and Uri Kranot">Michelle and Uri Kranot</a></li>

<li><a href="Tony_Parisi_(software_developer)" title="Tony Parisi (software developer)">Tony Parisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonny_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Nonny de la Peña">Nonny de la Peña</a></li>

<li><a href="Elia_Petridis" title="Elia Petridis">Elia Petridis</a></li>

<li><a href="Warren_Robinett" title="Warren Robinett">Warren Robinett</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_J._Sandin" title="Daniel J. Sandin">Daniel J. Sandin</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieter_Schmalstieg" title="Dieter Schmalstieg">Dieter Schmalstieg</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Sproull" title="Bob Sproull">Bob Sproull</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicole_Stenger" title="Nicole Stenger">Nicole Stenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a></li>

<li><a href="Susumu_Tachi" title="Susumu Tachi">Susumu Tachi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Attack_of_the_Killer_App" title="Attack of the Killer App">Attack of the Killer App (Futurama Episode)</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Holodeck" title="Holodeck">Holodeck</a></i> <i>(<a href="Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>)</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Netrunner" title="Netrunner">Netrunner</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ready_Player_One" title="Ready Player One">Ready Player One</a></i>

<li><i><a href="Ready_Player_Two" title="Ready Player Two">Ready Player Two</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Snow_Crash" title="Snow Crash">Snow Crash</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Superhot" title="Superhot">Superhot</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sword_Art_Online" title="Sword Art Online">Sword Art Online</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Portals

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3ATechnology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category

<ul><li>Augmented reality</li>

<li>Mixed reality</li>

<li>Virtual reality</li>

<li>Metaverse</li>

<li>Spatial computing</li></ul></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extended_Reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Extended Reality">Commons</a>

<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Augmented_reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mixed_reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metaverse" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Projection_augmented_model&oldid=1269977424">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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